Citation Style - Harriet K. and Philip Pumerantz Library - Western University of Health Sciences

Pumerantz Library

AMA

The AMA style is taken from the book, AMA manual of style: a guide for authors and editors, 10th ed.

Text Citations

Cite a passage in text by placing a superscript number following the citation.

Example:
In previous studies, the effect on intraocular pressure appeared quickly.²³

Number the citations in order as they appear in the text.

A passage can contain more than one citation.

Example:
Patients with various kinds of glaucoma have been found to have normal aqueous humor production.^42,43

The superscript numbers should be placed outside periods and commas, and inside colons and semicolons.

If more than 2 references are cited in a row, use a hyphen to join the first and last numbers of a closed series. Use commas without a space between numbers.

Example:
The derived data were as follows,^1,3-8,19

If a citation has more than 23 characters, including spaces and punctuation, use an asterisk in the text and put the citation in a footnote at the bottom of the page.

Example:
As reported previously,*

*References 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 21, 24-29, 31.

Quotations

Enclose direct quote of no more than 4 typewritten lines in double quotation marks.

For quotes longer than 4 lines, use a block format in reduced type without quotation marks.

A superscript number is added at the end of the quotation and the citation is listed with the other references.

Font Type

Serif type font is generally used for the body of a document.

Times New Roman, Courier, etc.

Sans serif type is used for contrasting and complementary elements. For example, department head, title, subtitle, abstract, etc.

Arial, Tahoma, etc.

Headings

Format of headings should be consistent throughout the paper

Headings are used in abstracts as well.

Some typical headings are

Methods
Results
Comment

Introduction is usually not given a heading

References

Authors

For more than 6 authors, name the first 3 followed by "et al."

Article/Chapter Titles

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word
Subtitles begin with a lowercase letter

Book Titles

Capitalize first letter of every major word in title and subtitle
Italicize entire title

Journal Titles

Abbreviate title according to PubMed journal list
Italicize abbreviated title

References are in numbered format. The first reference cited in text should be listed first.

If available, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), for electronic journals in place of the URL. This is generally found on the first page of an article

Reference Examples

Type of Entry	References
Journal Article- less than 6 authors	Sedivy JM. Telomeres limit cancer growth by inducing senescence:long-sought in vivo evidence obtained. Cancer Cell. 2007;11(5):389-391.
Journal Article- more than 6 authors	Silva SM, Castro RS, Costa FA, et al. Conidiobolomycosis in sheep in Brazil. Vet Pathol. 2007;44(3):314-319.
Book	Saladin KS. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2007.
Chapter in an Edited Book	Rabow MW, Pantilat SZ. Care at the end of life. In: Tierney LM Jr, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, eds. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. 45th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:67-85.
Electronic Journal- with DOI	Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(5):447-458. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054409.
Electronic Journal- with URL	Duchin JS. Can preparedness for biological terrorism save us from pertussis? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(2):106-107. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/158/2/106. Accessed August 27, 2007.
Electronic Book Chapter- no page numbers	Gonzalez FJ, Tukey RH. Drug Metabolism: how humans cope with exposure to xenobiotics. In: Brunton LL, ed. Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:chap 3. http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID= 28.Accessed February 15, 2007.< /p>
Web Site	Asthma's impact on children and adolescents. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/children.htm. Accessed August 27, 2007.
Published Presentation from a Meeting	Bruyett D. Canine hyperadrenocortisism: deciding on treatment options. In: Proceedings of the Northeast Veterinary Conference: August 8-10, 2004; Providence, RI: Tufts NEVC LLC; 2004: 387-402.
Theses or Dissertation	Bhumireddy P. Characterization of Binding Sites and Inhibitory Mechanisms for Antidepressants on the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor [master's thesis]. Pomona, CA: Western University of Health Sciences; 2006.

APA

The APA style is taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.

Text Citations

When the name of the author(s) of a source is part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the author(s).

Example:
Wautier and Schmidt (2004) found that a chief means by which AGE via RAGE exert their effect is by generation of reactive oxygen species, at least in part via stimulation of NADPH oxidase.

When the author(s) of the source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the author(s) and the year of publication appear in parentheses.

Example:
The aim of the present study was to develop, implement and evaluate a brief intervention to improve adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes for patients with Type 2 diabetes, in particular to help patients to reduce the total amount of fat consumed and to increase lifestyle physical activity levels (Clark, Hampson, Avery, & Simpson, 2004)

When citing a source that has two authors, both authors are included every time the source is cited.

When citing a source that has three, four, or five authors, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. When the source is cited again, the first author's name and "et al." is used.

When citing a source that has six or more authors, the first author's name and "et al." is used every time the source is cited, including the first time.

Quotations

Enclose a direct quote fewer than 40 words in double quotation marks.

For Quotes 40 words or more, use a block format without quotation marks.

Citation should include the page number, paragraph number, or heading and paragraph number.

Examples:
(Oddone, Olsen, Lingquist, & Orr, 2004, p. 85).
(Myers, 2000, para. 5).
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)

Font Type

For the text of the document use Times New Roman or Courier font.

For figures use a sans serif type font (Arial, Tahoma, etc.)

References

Authors

For more than 6 authors, name the first 6 followed by "et al."

Article/Chapter Titles

Capitalize the first letter of the first word and of the subtitle

Book Titles

Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle
Italicize entire title

Journal Titles

Give the title in full, in uppercase and lowercase letters.
Italicize entire title

References should begin on a new page with the title "References" centered on the first line.

References are formatted with a hanging indent and are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors.

If available, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), for electronic journals in place of the URL. This is generally found on the first page of an article

Reference Examples

Type of Entry	References
Journal Article- less than 6 authors	Grundel, B. L., White, G. L., Jr., & Eichold, B. H., II. (1999). Diabetes in the managed care setting: A prospective plan. Southern Medical Journal, 92, 459-464.
Journal Article- more than 6 authors	Silva, S. M., Castro, R. S., Costa, F. A., Vasconcelos, A. C., Batista, M. C., Riet-Correa, F, et al. (2007). Conidiobolomycosis in sheep in Brazil. Veterinary Pathology, 44, 314-319.
Book	Saladin, K. S. (2007). Anatomy & physiology: The unity of form and function (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Chapter in an Edited Book	Rabow, M. W., & Pantilat, S. Z. (2006). Care at then end of life. In L. M. Tierney Jr., S. J. McPhee, & M. A. Papadakis (Eds.), Current medical diagnosis and treatment (45th ed., pp. 67-85). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Electronic Journal- with DOI	Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482-488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
Electronic Journal- without DOI, accessible through subscription	Przekop, P. R., Tulgan, H., Przekop, A. A., & Glantz, M. (2006). Adverse drug reaction to methotrexate: Pharmacogenetic origin. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 106, 706-707. Retrieved from http://www.jaoa.org/
Electronic Journal- without DOI, open access	Phillips, B. J. (2005). Determining brain death: A summary. The Internet Journal of Law, Healthcare and Ethics, 2(2). Retrieved from http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijlhe/vol2n2/brain.xml< /p>
Electronic Book Chapter- no page numbers	Gonzalez, F. J., & Tukey, R. H. (2006). Drug metabolism: How humans cope with exposure to xenobiotics. In L. L. Brunton (Ed.), Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics (11th ed., chap. 3). New York: McGraw-Hill. Available from http://www.accessmedicine.com
Web Site	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Health topic: Asthma and allergies. Retrieved May 8, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/health/asthma.htm
Magazine Article	Martin, N. J., Komarova, N. L., & Niyogi, P. (2001, January 5). Evolution of universal grammar. Science, 291, 114-118.

Maintained by Alicia Saulpaugh, MLIS

Last Updated:08/21/2008

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